Moby Dick By Herman Melville (1819 - 1891) Essays - Moby-Dick

Moby Dick by Herman Melville (1819 - 1891) Moby Dick by Herman Melville (1819 - 1891) Sort of Work: Symbolic epic Setting The high Seas; mid nineteenth century Chief Characters Ishmael, an educator sailor (and storyteller) Queequeg, a solidified and savage harpooner Ahab, commander of the Pequod Starbuck and Stubb, Ahab's first and second mates Fedallah, Captain Ahab's Parsee hireling furthermore, diviner Story Overveiw A Massachusetts schoolmaster, Ishmael decided to surrender the solace and security of his homeroom and satisfy his sentimental want to go to the ocean. Leaving Manhatto, he headed out to the seaport town of New Bedford to search out work on a whaler. Ishmael's first night in New Bedford was spent in the dried up Spouter Inn close the water_ front. There he found the just bed accessible which, by need, he assented to impart to an obscure harpooner. His flat mate ended up being an odd individual to be sure, a solidified South-ocean islander whose body was secured with tattoos. Yet, after Ishmael's introductory dread had died down, he discovered this unusual partner, Queequeg, to be very well disposed. The gigantic man offered to share his little fortune and a preserved human head with Ishmael. From the outset I knew not what to make of this, Ishmael stated, yet soon a suspicion of reality happened to me. I recalled an account of a white man - a whaleman as well - who, falling among savages, had been inked by them. I reasoned that this harpooner, throughout his far off voy_ ages, more likely than not met with a comparative experience. Furthermore, what is it, thought 1, all things considered! It's just his outside; a man can be straightforward in such a skin. The two men turned out to be quick companions, both marking on as harpooners on board the Pequod, a Quaker-claimed whaler out of Nantucket. There had been some inquiry around New Bedford concerning the future destiny of the Pequod due to its erratic commander, Ahab. Be that as it may, both Ishmael and Queequeg had no goal of changing their arrangements. They set sail. For the initial scarcely any days the inquisitive commander avoided sight in his lodge, and the Pequod was under the order of the first and second mates, Mr. Starbuck and Mr. Stubb. Yet, as the boat kept on cruising southward, a harsh, tenacious man out of nowhere walked out at hand: Captain Ahab himself. Ishmael was struck by the man's grave articulation, however significantly more by his fantastic counterfeit leginstead of a wooden leg, Ahab wore a connection cut from the jawbone of a whale. This was supplemented by a vast scar which ran down the side of his face into his neckline, with the goal that he gave off an impression of being scarred from head to foot. For a few days the group cruised on in search of whaling schools. At that point one day Ahab showed up at hand and gathered all the men. He nailed a one-ounce gold piece to the pole and reported that the gold would turn into the property of the primary man to locate the incredible white whale known as Moby Dick. All the men with the exception of Starbuck and Stubb were energetic about the Captain's test. To the two top mates, Ahab's fixation on the white whale was a long ways ridiculous. Starbuck battled that the Captain's franticness over Moby Dick was a risk to those in his charge. Ahab had just lost his leg to the whale and his mates were apprehensive his careless mission would end in the loss for their entire lives at the following experience. However, none of this reduced the excitement of the other crew members; they drank a promise with Ahab to the devastation of the white whale. Discovering that the last sightings of the whale had been close to the Cape of Good Hope, Ahab quickly plotted his course. After moving toward the Cape, the boat went ahead a school of sperm whales, what's more, the men busied themselves with harpooning and stripping the immense well evolved creatures, at that point softening down and putting away the whale oil. At the point when they chanced upon another whaling vessel, Captain Ahab asked further about the white whale. The skipper of the boat cautioned him not to seek after the whale, yet Ahab couldn't be discouraged. Afterward, another boat halted the Pequod, furthermore, the chief got on to get some oil. He also was investigated by Ahab about Moby Dick, yet he answered that he had no news concerning the beast. soon after he had left the Pequod, a school of whales surfaced, what's more, the two boats' teams set out after them. The opponent team had a telling lead, yet the men of the Pequod, prodded on by Starbuck and Stubb, soon surpassed them, and Queequeg speared the school's biggest whale. Presently the

Legalization of Marijuana Essay Example for Free

Sanctioning of Marijuana Essay The battle to sanction maryjane has been continuing throughout recent decades and hopes to have no closure until the outcome is that it’s legitimate. My battle would be for it to be sanctioned too. Just in light of the fact that it’s a medication with more advantages at that point hurt. In certain states, and different nations it’s effectively lawful and specialist affirmed which I accept should be applied all over the place. Cannabis clients won't represent pot probation, regardless of to what extent it takes, disciplines or outcomes. One may state press the issue! Make harsher laws! These preclusion sees have neglected to quiet clients. Maryjane authorization is a constant issue that won't simply leave. I trust it will be legitimized on the grounds that clients are eager to keep on battling until they succeed. This will in the end open people’s eyes that the medication isn't all terrible. Maryjane has positive characteristics; a clinical incentive with gentle reactions. Numerous individuals use it since they see it bravo particularly those enduring afflictions. It diminishes torment, queasiness, spasticity, and different side effects for some people who have not been dealt with effectively with traditional prescriptions. I concur that on the off chance that we do authorize it only for medicine that it would break to different clients. In any case, in today’s society numerous American grown-ups lean toward maryjane over liquor as an approach to unwind, it has significantly less reactions then liquor. The utilization of maryjane in America is a decision that accompanies a generally low reliance rate. A great many people build up a resistance to reactions, and the individuals who don’t for the most part quit utilizing drugs. Most Americans conclude that the advantages of the medication exceed the hazard which the most serious hazard is okay capture. Authorizing the medication can have more advantages to our area at that point hurting it. In the event that cannabis was legitimate we could put an expense on it, to make a benefit on it. In the event that we take a gander at our crime percentage, our law implementation has more significant obligations than capturing 750,000 people every year for pot ownership. By doing this we squander prison space, stop up court frameworks, occupy time of police, lawyers, judges, and revisions authorities from savage wrongdoing. At the point when I state fierce wrongdoings I mean having the option to concentrate on the sexual maltreatment of youngsters, psychological oppression and other progressively hazardous violations. For my investigation I searched for a nation that has legitimized pot and their explanations behind doing as such. I found that it is a typical information all through the world, that in Amsterdam you may simply enter a bistro and purchase drugs; you will be given a menu with medications of the day, and there may be even an exceptional on the menu. It is all open, for four joints you will pay a similar sum for twenty cigarettes. Weed is legitimate in Amsterdam in light of the fact that the legislature there understands that it is a lot simpler to control when they make it freely accessible. Along these lines they can burden it to produce state financing and guarantee that they know where it is and whos utilizing it. Its a considerably more liberal methodology than denial, which makes any controlled substance go quickly underground and leaves the administrations purview. Maryjane being unlawful is a lot of like the restriction of liquor. The Prohibition was a time of about fourteen years of U.S. history in which the assembling, deal, and transportation of alcohol was made illicit. It prompted the sole time an Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was canceled. What's more, not normal for liquor and any physician endorsed drugs, maryjane isn't deadly. An examination in 2009 by U.S. Division of Health and Human Studies distributed that 69.7 million Americans are present clients of tobacco items, 15 million Americans misuse liquor, and just 4.2 million Americans misuse Marijuana. Ordinary 1,000 individuals kick the bucket from smoking related ailments, 550 bite the dust from liquor related mishaps and illnesses, and under 20 pass on of medication related causes. American teenagers use Marijuana twice as much as their partners in Holland where Marijuana is legitimate. It appears that the impulses to do what you’re shouldn't do are too solid to even consider resisting. All in all, cannabis ought to be lawful. On the off chance that we are going to keep on offering these medications that are increasingly destructive then cannabis then why band one that makes a difference? On the off chance that proceeding to keep pot as an illicit substance, at that point clients are happy to keep on battling. Like the denial of liquor I don’t accept this battle will end until the clients win. Perhaps they will thoroughly consider their choice, and acknowledge it would help us all the more then it hurts us.

Broken Families Essay

Presentation Family is the essential unit of society. This is the most significant part of a nation. †The family is one of nature’s masterpieces.† (Santayana) 2012. Administration might be successful if the residents are appropriately arranged with great qualities and excellencies, which is generally instructed by the family. †Marriage is the consent to let a family happen.† (Wylie) 2012.A home is the place a family lives. It might be rotated to the word ‘house’ however a house is all the more fittingly alluding to the material structure, while ‘home’ alludes to the immaterial things that predicament together the relatives. It is the incomprehensible love and care that keeps together the mother, father and their posterity, or the family. A home where great qualities and ethics are normally educated by the family. Beside giving a domain helpful for physical development and wellbeing, the family should likewise make an air that would impact the subjective and mental development of its part. In the event that the necessities of the individual relatives are met, different individuals can connect with others in the family, the network, and society in general. Notwithstanding, regardless of how upbeat a family in the conditions of their relationship, there are still hardships and false impressions that will go along the way. It is simply part of any relationship at any rate. Be that as it may, the dismal part is the point at which one of the relatives surrendered and the others must choose the option to acknowledge and give up. Accordingly, the family begins to be broken, differs from various reasons why it must be that way. However, for the most part, misconception begins from straightforward residential squabble that becomes impudently harming theâ long-produced connection between the relatives. At the point when a couple split up, the youngsters are enormously influenced scarring them genuinely, sincerely and socially. The most widely recognized debate between a spouse and a wife is the money related issue. This is established when the dad, which ought to be the supplier for the family, can’t give enough cash for the food of the entire family. A bad habit that can't be surrendered might be related with this. Single child rearing or broken family is a significant social issue that can effectsly affect a child’s scholastic execution. Youngsters who are brought up in a solitary family home are in danger of not arriving at their maximum capacity. Broken homes are experienced by a portion of the understudies with those in neediness line families as well as same goes to center and higher class families. Guardians decided to live independently in any case how their youngsters feel and its effect on their lives, in any case, there are still guardians regardless of the circumstance despite everything supports and care of their kids in their investigations, and others. The scholarly exhibition of youngsters from broken home is regularly antagonistically influenced, just as the pressure of lacking budgetary assets. Youngsters from broken home family unit are distraught. Some of them don't go to class; the individuals who do may go to low quality schools, with low scholastic execution. Some of them may drop out of school rashly. The mindful intensity of single parent may decide the length of tutoring of youngster in the messed up home family. The young ladies are bound to become high schooler moms while still in school. In most broken homes, the youngsters are commonly hindered on the grounds that they are by and large viewed as being denied scholastically, financially, socially and socially. Their condition isn't helpful for learning and in which instruction isn't satisfactory. The vast majority of the influenced people are people from low salary regions in which incompetent work, poor day to day environments wins. All these have negative effect in the scholarly exhibition of the students. Understudies in brokenâ home families consistently have shortage. Because of misfortune one parent, these youngsters endure mental issues. Foundation of the examination The family is the child’s ahead of all comers of contact with the world. The kid accordingly, gains starting training and socialization from guardians and other noteworthy people in the family. Agulana (1999) called attention to that the family lays the mental, good, and otherworldly establishment in the general improvement of the youngster. Fundamentally, family/homes is either broken or unblemished. A wrecked home in this unique situation, is one that isn't basically flawless, because of separation, division, demise of one parent and wrongness. As indicated by Frazer (2001), mental home conditions emerge for the most part from wrongness of youngsters, the mark of received kid, broken home, separate and parental hardship. Such unusual states of the house, are probably going to detrimentally affect school execution of the youngster he declares. Life, in a solitary parent family or broken home can be distressing for both the kid and the parent. Such families are confronted with difficulties of insufficient money related assets (kids protection subsidize, 1994). Schultz (2006) noticed that if youths from flimsy homes are to be contrasted and those from stable homes, it would be seen that the previous have progressively social, scholastic and enthusiastic issues. Scales and Roehlkepartain (2003), are of the sentiment that the family and its structure assume an incredible job in children’s scholastic execution. Levin (2001), likewise expresses that guardians are presumably the on-screen characters with the most clear undimentional enthusiasm for an elevated level of their children’s scholastic execution. Somewhat, there is straightforward proof to show that conjugal precariousness realizes pressure, strain, absence of inspiration and dissatisfaction. Clearly, these indications demonstration adversely on a child’s scholarly execution. Johnson (2005) states that offspring of unmarried guardians/isolated families regularly come up short and are in danger inwardly. Be that as it may, this may not be totally pertinent in all occurrences of broken homes. A few youngsters independent of home foundation or structure may try sincerely and get effective throughout everyday life. Additionally, Ayodele (2006) expressed that theâ environment where a youngster gets himself/herself goes far in deciding his learning capacity and at last his scholarly exhibition. It is qualified to take note of that larger part of secondary school understudies in the nation who got poor or bombing grades in their scholastic subjects originated from broken homes. Some of them as we saw were having poor scholastic execution as well as rather they let themselves be held at their year level in the wake of dropping-out their separate subjects. It is opportune to distinguish or to decide whether understudies in secondary school who originated from broken homes are significantly influenced in their scholastic classes. Troublesome beginning: Children raised by a solitary parent are bound to endure trouble. The examination adds to an abundance of information that shows kids experience the ill effects of separation or parental separation, and that those raised by a solitary parent are bound to do severely at school, endure unforeseen weakness, and fall into wrongdoing, fixation and destitution as grown-ups. The report, financed by the Department of Health and distributed by the Office for National Statistics, examined enthusiastic clutters †positioned as those which cause significant misery and impedance with the manner by which youngsters perform at school and during play. It additionally saw direct scatters which bring about forceful, fierce or against social conduct. The scientists concentrated about 8,000 youngsters matured somewhere in the range of five and 16 out of 2004 and discovered right around one out of ten had clutters. The kids were checked again a year ago. The report said that a kid whose guardians had part during this time was more than four and a half times bound to have built up a passionate issue than one whose guardians remained together. They were about multiple times bound to display a direct issue. Eleven percent of those kids whose families separated had passionate scatters, against 3 percent among those whose families were still attached. Almost 33% of youngsters found to have mental disarranges in 2004 despite everything experienced them three years after the fact. The Department of Health stated: ‘The Government is focused on helping youngsters and youngsters encountering psychological wellness problems.’ ‘Broken families and sequential dads produce homes brimming with struggle and disorder and they are horrendous for children.’ Llano High School as one of the government funded schools in Caloocan City is where numerous understudies are results of broken homes. With regards to what degree the impact of their family condition to their scholarly presentation and what alteration procedures they utilize is the reason of this examination. Therefore the analyst points that the aftereffect of this investigation may become reason for creating a direction program to advance better alteration techniques for understudies from broken homes. Proclamation of the Problem This examination intends to decide the relationship between's the scholastic execution and change methodologies of understudies from broken homes in Llano High School, Division of City Schools, Caloocan City. In particular, it tries to respond to the accompanying inquiries: 1.What is the segment profile of the respondents as far as: 1.1gender, 1.2age 1.3size of the family 1.4guardian whom he/she remains with, and 1.5cause/s of parents’ detachment? 2.To what degree do the understudy respondents experience troubles in the accompanying territories: 2.1academic execution, 2.2interpersonal relationship, 2.3socio-monetary status, and 2.4personality turn of events? 3.What alteration methodologies do the respondents utilize in tending to the challenges they experience in the previously mentioned zones? 4.What is the degree of scholarly execution of the understudy respondents dependent on their past G.W.A.? 5.Is there a critical connection between the degree of scholarly execution and the recognized change techniques of the respondents? 6.What direction program might be proposed to advance better change stra

The Role of the Roman Catholic Church During the...

Proving to be the paramount of the conflict between faith and reason, the European Enlightenment of the eighteenth century challenged each of the traditional values of that age. Europeans were changing, but Europe’s institutions were not keeping pace with that change.1 Throughout that time period, the most influential and conservative institution of Europe, the Roman Catholic Church, was forced into direct confrontation with these changing ideals. The Church continued to insist that it was the only source of truth and that all who lived beyond its bounds were damned; it was painfully apparent to any reasonably educated person, however, that the majority of the world’s population were not Christians.2 In the wake of witch hunts, imperial†¦show more content†¦. . [was] often confusing.6 The Church was fully capable of using obscure rituals and ceremonies in the everyday practice of their religion, but for a peasant to use such magic, however, it could be consi dered heresy. As Europe progressed through the Enlightenment, the Roman Catholic Church’s role as a mediator between the common populace and the supernatural became highly disputed.7 Protestantism had ultimately weakened the clergy by making religious controversy familiar to the common tides of Europe.8 The Church was seen as a bastion of religious intolerance and intellectual backwardness because the clergy simply refused to let go of their out-dated ideals in order to embrace scientific reasoning. A dogmatic Roman Catholic Church was one of the chief obstacles that the Enlightenment faced during the eighteenth century.9 This obstacle proved to be a problem not only for the emerging philosophers but also for the aristocracy. It was among those very idle aristocrats that the Enlightenment philosophers were to find some of their earliest and most enthusiastic followers.10 Despite the fact that the Roman Catholic Church and the monarchy were more often than not allied with each other, they were keenly aware of their differences.11 Kings could on occasion be tempted with thoughts of undermining the authority of the clergy. The fact that the aristocrats were utterly unaware of the precariousness of their position also made themShow MoreRelatedThe Early Middle Ages And Early Medieval Period Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesDiocletian, in an attempt to overcome the faults and failures of the classical age, divided the empire into two empires: the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and the Western Roman Empire. The transition into the late antiquity period was characterized by a sharp decline in population as a result of plagues, pandemics and war. 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The Negative Effects of Media on Sports in Usa - 4279 Words

The Negative Effects of Media on Sports I. Media and Sports Introduction A. John Wooden Quote B. The tendencies of the media THESIS: The media must take significant strides towards reforming the way they portray sports to change the current system of altering the ideals of athletes and diminishing the prestige of modern sports. II. History of media in sports III. Publication of shameful actions A. Celebrations B. Commercials C. XFL IV. Multimedia A. Cable Networks B. League and team-owned channels C. Video Games D. Fantasy sports V. College and amateur athletics A. Teenage phenoms B. False views of success C. Antitrust Law D. BCS bowls VI. Sex and media A.†¦show more content†¦During the transition into the new millennium, a number of factors including new technology, sports personalities, and originality of new fans, led to the media destruction of modern sports. The media changed professional and amateur athletics into businesses rather than into moralistic entertainment while disgracefully exploiting higher education and individuals in the sporting world. The press has also produced a new set of ideals and attitudes in the fans and players of popular sports (Torr 49).What began in the transition to the new millennium is now an ever-occurring phenomenon that plagues the wide world of sports. While it is true that the media occasionally broadcasts stories of unlikely successes and cordial charity, it consistently publicizes the most shameful and less copious actions of certain athletes and leagues. One of the most prolific examples derives from the National Football League, which has a substantial problem with regulating touchdown celebrations and dances. Rather than help control the problem, the media feels the need to emphasize the celebrations more so than the actual plays. Athletes have engaged in line dances, dice rolling, fake photo shoots, air guitar playing, and many other imprudent dances and actions. The most notable occasions (thanks to the media) include: Joe Horn removing a cell phone from theShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Social Status On Sports And Physical Activity1362 Words   |  6 Pagesaccess, equity and equality in sport and physical activity. The more common name it is called by is Figueroa’s Framework. The framework is constructed over five separate levels: individual, interpersonal, institutional, structural and cultural. All of these areas are used to explore the ways in which inequities challenge the area of sport and physical activity. They show the different functions that reinforce, create, remove and eliminate barriers and inequities within spo rt and physical activity. TheRead MoreRole Of The Media And Government1570 Words   |  7 Pagesassignment will analyse the role of the media and government in sports. 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Risk Management for Yourself and Your Family - 531 Words

Given your new understanding of the history, foundations, and scope of epidemiology, as well as your understanding of the etiology, risk factors, natural history, and prognosis of disease, what could you do to better manage risk factors for yourself and your family? The epidemiology-related topics learned in class have helped me gain a better understanding of health and disease processes. I had learned about the key aspects of epidemiology such as determinants, distribution, population characteristics and the morbidity/mortality rates, during my undergraduate training as a nurse. However, this course has refreshed my knowledge as well as provided additional information on the subject. It made me understand that several disciplines (e.g. genetics, medical, microbiology, social and biostatistics) are interrelated and that they play an important role in epidemiology. Contributions made by one discipline may help other disciplines in advancing their research. As a registered nurse, my focus while treating the patient was to understand the cause of the disease, its pathogenesis, the treatment regimen and the prognosis of the disease. Epidemiology has helped me understand the importance of the social, behavioral and psychological factors that affect health and the disease processes. I learned that there are always several risk factors associated with any occurrence of a disease. I find this new understanding of epidemiology greatly helpful to me as an individual and to myShow MoreRelatedAnger Management : A Zen Like Mind And How Do You Achieve It?1109 Words   |  5 Pages Anger management: Master how to have a Zen like mind, control your emotions, thoughts, be healthy, happy and free yourself from all anger. Table Of Contents Introduction What Is Anger Management? What Is A Zen Like Mind And How Do You Achieve It? 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Brand Switching free essay sample

Findings show that there is a difference depending upon whether switching behavior was induced by extrinsic (e. g. , price, coupon) or intrinsic (e. g. , a desire to try a new brand) incentives. Unlike intrinsically induced switching, extrinsic incentives motivated consumers to switch despite a high level of satisfaction with the last purchased brand. However, this switching behavior resulted in weaker intentions to repurchase the new brand. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION: Consumer decision to purchase a product brand different from that previously or usually purchased. Brand switching can be instigated by price promotions, in-store displays, superior availability, perceived improvements or innovations in competitive brands, desire for novelty, number of available brands, perceived risk, frequency of purchase, changes in quality, or level of satisfaction with the most recent purchase. Brand switching is most common with products that have no great perceived variation in quality across brands such as bottled water, dairy products, or paper towels. brand loyalty. Sometimes known as brand jumping, brand switching is the process of choosing to switch from routine use of one product or brand to steady usage of a different but similar product. Much of the advertising process is aimed at encouraging brand switching among consumers, thus helping to grow market share for a given brand or set of brands. Convincing consumers to switch brands is sometimes a difficult task. It is not unusual for customers to build up a great deal of brand loyalty due to such factors as quality, price, and availability. To encourage switching brands, advertisers will often target these three areas as part of the strategy of encouraging brand switching. Price is often an important factor to consumers who are tight budgets. For this reason, advertisers will often use a price comparison model to entice long time users of one brand to try a new one. The idea is to convince the end user that it is possible to purchase the same amount of product while spending less money. Ideally, this means that the consumer can use the savings for other purchases, possibly even a luxury item of some sort. The idea of more discretionary resources in the monthly budget can be an effective in the encouragement of jumping brands. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: 1. To find out the reason why consumers switch brands. 2. To analyse the frequency of switching the brands. 3. To analyse whether the brand switching behaviour of the customer is affected by marketing mix. SCOPE OF THE STUDY: 1. To analyse the brand switching behaviour of the consumers. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE REVIEW OF LITERATURE: The importance of customer value and brand switching are highlighted by combining these concepts in one study. The influences and antecedents of brand switching have been researched extensively. Brand switching is primarily attributed to an inherent variety drive referred to as ‘variety seeking’. This implies that sometimes the consumers do not evaluate the product characteristics when making a choice, they rather satisfy an inherent need for variety regardless of the product attributes of the objects switched to or from. Psychological variables influencing brand choice include preference, attitude, satisfaction and intention. Although the consumer evaluates objects favorably, brand switching still occurs. Many authors stress the importance of situational variables on brand choice, but still some unexplained variance remains. In the recent past much research focussed on customer value delivery on multiple dimensions, namely benefits. They include functional, emotional and social benefits. This viewpoint on perception of benefits is different from evaluation of mere product attributes in that customer value includes judgements of a branded product on a more abstract basis, that is, the consumer translates these characteristics into a subjective meaning. For example, the consumer interprets the objective price as cheap or expensive, which is reflected in value for money of the branded product. Furthermore the consumer might not switch brands because of different colors or shapes of the product or the brand name but rather because of what these attributes communicate to others, which is reflected by social benefit. Accordingly, it is postulated that consumers are guided by benefits sought when choosing branded products and customers perceive brands in terms of benefits provided. Thus, the present study addresses the question of whether benefits sought by consumers influence brand switching behavior. This relationship is investigated across four frequently purchased product groups. Furthermore, in order to shed more light into benefits sought by various consumer groups, consumer characteristics such as demographics and lifestyle are included in the research. This thesis also investigates if consumer characteristics determine brand choice. The phenomenon of brand switching has long been of interest to marketing researchers (Bass 1974). A knowledge of the pattern of switching among brands serves as the basic input in studying a variety of marketing issues including market structure analysis (Grover and Srinivasan 1987; Jain, Bass, and Chen 1990; Kalwani and Morrison 1977; Lehmann 1972; Rao and Sabavala 1981), determining the effectiveness of marketing actions and developing marketing strategies (Carpenter and Lehmann 1985; Colombo and Morrison 1989; Zufryden 1986), and understanding household purchase behavior (Givon 1984; Jeuland 1979; Lattin and McAlister 1985). The early efforts at modeling brand-switching behavior (e. . , Kuehn 1962; Morrison 1966) provided a useful, parsimonious representation of the influence of the immediate past purchase on the current purchase. However, those studies were limited to the extent that they did not incorporate the effects of explanatory variables such as price, feature advertisements, special displays, and household-specific characteristics on the transition probabilities. A co nsiderable body of evidence shows that choice probabilities are influenced by marketing and other variables (e. g. , Guadagni and Little 1983). Such explanatory variables therefore must be included in any analysis of brand-switching behaviour. When marketing mix variables have a significant impact on brand-switching behaviour and when they change over time, the transition probabilities will be non stationary. This property adds an extra element of complexity to the empirical analysis as it is not possible to estimate the transition probabilities from an aggregate brand-switching matrix. One of our objectives, therefore, is to present a framework that can accommodate non stationary transition probabilities. Another important component of the dynamics of a households purchase behaviour is the purchase-timing decision. Accordingly, several models have been developed over the years to characterize the probability distribution underlying the interpurchase times (e. g. , Chatfield and Goodhardt 1973; Dunn, Reader, and Wrigley 1983; Ehrenberg 1959; Helsen and Schmittlein 1989; Herniter 1971; Jain and Vilcassim 1991; Jeuland, Bass, and Wright 1980; Lawrence 1980; Zufryden 1978; among others). A noteworthy aspect of these studies is that the brand choice decision is not investigated jointly with the purchase-timing decision. Likewise, most studies that have analyzed brand choice behavior (e. g. , Guadagni and Little 1983; Krishnamurthi and Raj 1988; Zufryden 1986) have not modeled the timing of purchases. The exception is the study by Gupta (1988), in which brand choice and purchase timing are both considered. As argued by Hauser and Wisniewski (1982), purchase timing and brand choice are mutually dependent and both household-level decisions are influenced by managerial controls such as coupons, price, special displays, and feature advertisements, as well as by household-specific characteristics. Household brand-switching and purchase-timing decisions may be affected by unobserved factors. For example, the brand choice decisions of a household are influenced by the structure of preferences of household members, but the preference structure cannot be observed. Only choices made or the revealed preferences can be observed. Further, two households with the same household characteristics, when confronted with the same choice situation, may make different choicesthey respond differently to the marketing controls of sellers. One way of capturing this phenomenon of unobserved heterogeneity is to develop and estimate a model for each household. However, in most practical situations this approach would not be feasible because of the lack of a sufficient number of observations on purchases for each household. If the parameters were estimated with short purchase strings for each household, the estimates would have serious small-sample problems (i. e. , bias, inefficiency). Moreover, a homogeneous aggregate model would fail to capture the heterogeneity across households. A reasonable compromise is to allow some parameters to be the same for all households, but let certain other parameters (generally, a single parameter) vary across households. The latter set of parameters would capture the unobserved heterogeneity across households. Substantively, this compromise is important because the estimates of the included explanatory variables would be contaminated if unobserved heterogeneity were omitted from the specification (Heckman and Singer 1984; Lancaster 1979). We note that previous studies of brand switching have not considered the effects of unobserved heterogeneity. The objective of our study therefore is to build on previous studies and complement them by developing a single framework to analyze brand-switching patterns and purchase-timing decisions of households, while incorporating the effects of marketing mix variables, household-specific characteristics, and unobserved heterogeneity. We analyze brand-switching behavior as a Markov process. The brand choice decision is handled via a finite discrete-state space. However, unlike a Markov chain formulation in which the time between transitions is fixed, our analysis treats the time between transitions as a random variable that follows some probability distribution. The resulting formulation is therefore a semi-Markov model that incorporates in a single framework both purchase timing and brand switching. We note that such a general semi-Markov formulation has been suggested by Hauser and Wisniewski (1982). However, their formulation posed certain difficult, if not intractable, econometric estimation problems. Our work builds on their approach, but we reformulate the semi-Markov model as a proportional hazard model in continuous time (Cox 1972). The advantage is that the econometric estimation of a proportional hazard model is more tractable than that of a semi-Markov model. Further, the proportional hazard formulation enables us to test easily among competing probability distributions for the inter purchase times that have been proposed in the literature. The proportional hazard model has been used widely in the social sciences to analyse problems involving duration data (Heckman and Singer 1984; Lancaster 1979; among others). Such a model has been used to study household purchase-timing decisions at the product-category level (Jain and Vilcassim 1991). Helsen and Schmittlein (1989) describe the usefulness of this methodology in analysing a variety of marketing problems. In the next section we describe the model formulation and show how the semi-Markov model can be reformulated as a proportional hazard model in continuous time. We also briefly describe the methodology for estimating the parameters of the model. In the third section, we discuss the marketing implications of the empirical results obtained from analysing the IRI household There are many theories that are available to explain how consumers make product and/or brand choices. 1. The expectance-value model argues that consumers assign scores to two parameters and make a mental calculation before making a decision. The first parameter is the degree to which consumers expect a pleasurable outcome. The second parameter is the value the consumers ascribe to a favorable outcome. This model is insufficient to explain the phenomenon because people have limited brand information and limited mental processing capabilities. . The economists view of consumer behavior hypothesizes that consumers seek information until the marginal value that is gained is less than the cost of securing knowledge of the product. This model is also not acceptable since in many cases consumers are unable to acquire perfect information. 3. Chernatony and McDonald propose a more accepted model for brand buying behavior. It argues that the making of a brand purchase is determined by consume rs seeking and evaluating small amounts of information. Consumer relies only on few piece of information with which they feel confident to help them decide how the brand might perform. The amount of information that consumer seek may be determined by various factors such as time pressure, previous experience, advice from friends and the level of involvement in the brand purchase. In recent years many researchers have studied brand choice and switching. The scope of these studies not only includes the analysis of the factors that affect the consumers brand choice and switching, but it also helps to analyze the future demand situation. There has been always a shift in consumer brand loyalty and favors it can be because of lack of consistency in quality, high cost of raw materials or profit motives so as to increase the sales figure. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: 1. The impact of variety of advertisements of various products can deeply affects the minds of the customers to switch brands. Most of the customers aren’t loyal. And even if they are loyal they tend to use the other product and finally get attached to it. 2. One bad experience with the product can make the consumers do brand jumping from one product to another. . Intrinsic desire of variety and situational factors can often lead to brand switching. 4. The customers determine their preferred brands but tend to switch among them just to satisfy their need for variety or to refresh their memories about brands purchased in the past. CONCLUSION CONCLUSION: 1. They switch among brands in order to learn about the product offer and to seek information 2. Brand switcher who are high in price consciousness (shown high perception for value for money), tend to prefer free gift, price discount. It means that high price consciousness customers are more likely to switch to other brands when they are attracted by these promotional tools which are not the case with brand loyal customers. Thus price discount and free gift plays important promotional tool for customer to switch to other shampoo brand. 3. Brand loyal customers are more likely to change to other brands because of the contents about good product quality and good brand image, whereas the effectiveness of the aspects about good value for money impacts brand switchers. 4. It can change depending upon the demographic and lifestyle characteristics. BIBLIOGRAPHY: 1. An analysis of models for consumer brand-switching behaviour,P. Kotler, Marketing Management (Prentice-Hall, 7th edn, 1991) 2. Jacoby, J. and Chestnut, R. W. , 1978, Brand Loyalty: Measurement Management (John Wiley amp; Sons, New York). 3. Punniyamoorthy, M and Prasanna Mohan Raj, An empirical model for brand loyalty measurement, Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing, Volume 15, Number 4, September 2007 , pp. 222-233(12) 4. Dick, Alan S. and Kunal Basu (1994), Customer Loyalty: Toward an Integrated Conceptual Framework, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 22 (2), 99-113. 5. Evaluating the effect of Consumer Sales Promotion on Brand Switching and Brand Loyal segments by Komal Nagar 6. Brand Relationships and Switching Behaviour for Highly Used Products in Young Consumers by Arvind Sahay and Nivedita Sharma 7. Examine the Factors Influencing Brand-switching: the Effects of Advertising and Promotion by Xueling Luo(2006) 8. Other sources from the internet.